A person needs to master a combination of knowledge, skills, and abilities in order to successfully comprehend aural and written texts.

In this presentation, I share the results of research based on international standardized exams which show the typical pathways that Latin American learners of English take in developing their listening and reading skills.

Knowing about these pathways—which are different for listening and for reading—can help teachers know what things to focus on at different points in their students’ language learning journeys.